Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, which converts the essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine and other metabolites (Ball, 2014). This enzymatic activity exerts significant immunoregulatory effects, which has made it an attractive target for immunotherapy research...Read more

The difference in spatial distributions of two aquaporin proteins in the cells of collecting ducts in the kidney is illuminated through multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC/IF)...Read more

This week we turn the spotlight to the protein α-actinin-3. Encoded by ACTN3, sometimes dubbed the speed gene, α -actinin-3 is primarily expressed in type 2 "fast-twitch" skeletal muscle fibers. It cross-links and stabilizes actin thin filaments at the Z-line separating each muscle unit and is fundamental for producing the quick and powerful muscle contractions needed for activities like sprinting, jumping, and weightlifting (North, 1999)...Read more

The glandular expression pattern of salivary gland-specific protein carbonic anhydrase 6 (gene: CA6) is highlighted by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC/IF)...Read more

Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC/IF) reveals nuclear expression of the protein Shugoshin 1 (gene: SGO1) in pachytene/diplotene spermatocytes - the early cell states of developing sperm cells...Read more